When a government ministry drafts a policy brief with a foreign large language model, when a schoolchild receives homework explanations shaped by training data collected far from home, and when a public portal answers citizens in…
Gulf states are racing to host artificial intelligence (AI) compute on their own soil while remaining deeply dependent on foreign chips, cloud platforms, and export-control regimes. This study examines that paradox as a strategic…
Arabic is spoken by hundreds of millions of people, but it is not one variety. Arabic speakers write and speak formally in Modern Standard Arabic and live much of their lives in regional dialects that differ widely from it and…