Public debate about terrorism keeps asking which religion is to blame. This article argues that the question is badly posed. Terrorism is better explained by a structure of belief called lethal certainty: certainty that has…
When a government ministry drafts a policy brief with a foreign large language model, when a schoolchild receives homework explanations shaped by training data collected far from home, and when a public portal answers citizens in…
Arabic is spoken by hundreds of millions of people, but it is not one variety. Arabic speakers write and speak formally in Modern Standard Arabic and live much of their lives in regional dialects that differ widely from it and…
يدرس هذا البحث الإرهاب المؤدلج لا بوصفه انفجارًا مفاجئًا للعنف، بل بوصفه حصيلة بناء فكري وتنظيمي متدرّج تُصاغ فيه الطاعة قبل أن تُصاغ البندقية. وينطلق من سؤال فلسفي محدد: كيف تتحول فكرة دينية-سياسية إلى ترخيص أخلاقي بالقتل، ثم…